Dothiepin Vs. Fluoxetine (Mechanism Of Action And Pharmacodynamics) Es

Dothiepin Vs. Fluoxetine (Mechanism Of Action And Pharmacodynamics) Comparison Between Mechanism of Action and Pharmacodynamics of Dothiepin and Fluoxetine Description of medicines Mechanism of action and pharmacodynamics Dothiepin Dothiepin is a tricyclic antidepressant. It acts by promoting the effectiveness of several amines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine, which is also known as 5HT and serotonin). It functions by inhibiting their reuptake at the terminals of nerve cells, thus leading to their prolonged presence at the synaptic cleft and an increased effect on the neuron.(1) The reuptake pumps for the above amines are responsible for reducing the concentration of these amines. Dothiepin works by blocking the pumps. According to the amine hypothesis, a decreased concentration of the amines and the resulting decrease in amine dependant synaptic transmission is associated with depression, therefore an increase in the above would help relieve the symptoms of depression. (2) Dothiepin has other actions as well. It reduces norepinephrine induced CAMP formation in the brain, as well as inhibiting the uptake of 5HT into platelets. It also has some anticholinergic and antihistaminic activity.(3) Dothiepin begins to take effect after approximately 2-3 weeks. Usual daily doses of Dothiepin range from 75mg to 200mg in the more severe cases. (2) Fluoxetine Fluoxetine belongs to a group of antidepressants known as the SSRI's, or Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. It functions is similar to that of dothiepin above. It also acts as a reuptake inhibitor, but is highly selective. It only inhibits 5HT reuptake, and lacks many of the less useful functions of dothiepin, such as the antihistaminic properties. (1) As above the result in increase in the presence of serotonin at the synaptic cleft results in a decrease in many symptoms of depression. Fluoxetine does however have some side effects including nausea, tremors, loss of libido and in some cases decreased sexual function. (2) It is also possible that it may have an effect on dopamine function. In some cases it also reduces sleep efficiency. (3) Daily doses of Fluoxetine range between 10mg and 60mg. However it has been found that effectiveness does not appear to be strongly related to dose. 20mg is as affective as 40mg, and there is some evidence to suggest that higher doses may be even less effective. However the lower doses result in fewer and less sever adverse effects.(3) Adverse effects or adverse drug interactions Dothiepin Adverse effects of dothiepin range from potentially life threatening to mildly discomforting. Fatalities associated with dothiepin include cardiac failure, neonatal cardio-respiratory failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, ventricular fibrillation, stroke, congenital heart disease, haematemesis, aplastic anemia, leukopenia, hepatorenal syndrome, cholestatic jaundice, coma, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, aggravated Parkinson's disease, intrauterine death, renal failure, respiratory arrest. These however are very rare. (1) Other severe side effects include hepatitis, inappropriate ADH secretion, hypomania, and convulsions. Psychotic manifestations, e.g. paranoid delusions, may be brought about or worsened if already present. These symptoms are also very uncommon, though less life threatening than those listed above.(3) The less dangerous side effects are a bit more common, found in many patients, particularly those on higher doses of the drug. These include dry mouth, tachycardia, constipation, drowsiness, sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremor, rashes, and interference with sexual function.(3) The greatest dangers in overdose stem from convulsions, and the cardiac and respiratory effects listed above. (3) Adverse drug interactions include MAO inhibitors and SSRI's as concurrent administration may lead to increased plasma tricyclic levels. CNS depressants, including alcohol will also have an increased effect when taken in conjunctions with dothiepin. Anesthetics may increase the risk of arrhythmia. Antihypertensive agent activity may be reduced by dothiepin. Barbiturates may decrease the serum concentration of dothiepin, while methyl phenidate may increase it. Smoking may reduce the serum concentration of dothiepin by increasing its metabolism. (1) Fluoxetine Fluoxetine appears to have a lower incidence of adverse reactions, and these appear less severe than those associated with dothiepin. (2) Up to 1990 a total of 11 deaths that may be associated with fluoxetine were recorded in patients. However these were not NECESSARILY associated with the drug. The potentially life threatening side effects included hyponatremia, which appeared to be reversible when the patients stopped taking the drug. A very few cases of vasculitis have also been diagnosed. Cases of seizures and seizure like episodes in fluoxetine patients have also been recorded. Some patients developed mania.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Compulsory Education and Its Importanc

Advantages and Disadvantages of Compulsory Education and Its Importanc Advantages and Disadvantages of Compulsory Education and Its Importance National University Sociology 100 Professor Jessica Skropranic March 3, 2013 Advantages and Disadvantages of Compulsory Education As of today, Compulsory education has become a huge impact to society in countless numbers of ways. People take what education has to offer, for granted, but even though people do, they should not take it for granted, but take advantage of this law given. With the help of compulsory education, there can be many helpful successes we can encounter such as well-organized people and a society that has improved and not only changed, for the better. Compulsory Education affects the lives of adults and children, but it will have its own advantages and disadvantages like the many things that we come across in life. There is a reason why compulsory education is still an ongoing development in our country today. Keeping the law will also create a better education that is fine tuned for children as the time goes by. But it will still have its own disadvantages as well. Before knowing the differences between the advantages and disadvantages, we first need to know and understand what Compulsory Education is and how it plays an enormous factor today in the United States. Compulsory Education was discovered back in 1852, by a man named Horace Mann. Horace took his time and persuaded the state of Massachusetts to create a system of education that required children in the country to attend school and become educated, whether it be home, public, or private school. In 1918, after 66 years after it has been established, every state in the country embraced the Compulsory Education law, and from then on, it still continues to have an influence in todays society as we speak. This law expresses the age for beginning school and how long a child is required to stay educated, within the confinements of school grounds. The National Conference of State Legislatures express the definition of Compulsory Education in Every state and territory requires children to enroll in public or private education or to be home-schooled. More than half32 statesrequire students to begin their education by age 6. Some states set their age requirements as low as age 5 and as high as age 8. All children are required to continue their education into their high school years, with 26 states setting the cutoff age at 16. (NCSL) Photo 1: Retrieved from chartsbin.com/view/xo6 Compulsory Education plays a tremendously important factor. It has become very effective when it comes to schooling. For example, an article on the Internet states, One additional year of compulsory schooling leads to 8% higher annual wages, and a 6% lower likelihood of not being employed in any given year. (CentrePiece) It serves as breakthrough to education in society and provides a greater learning experience for children in school. It also leads to many increased accomplishments for many childrens futures as of today. We dont necessarily need compulsory education, but without it, our society would be extremely different. Our nation wouldnt be as educated as we are today simply because Compulsory Education is particularly important for the matter of how we live our lives. Compulsory Education is one of the reasons why society is how it seems today. Photo 2: Retrieved from compulsoryeducation.wordpress.com Compulsory Education not only has its own disadvantages, but the stronger and more positive effect it has, are the advantages that this law offers. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, Compulsory Education decreases, juvenile crime, teen pregnancy, and also the dropout rates for teenagers in high school nowadays. They mention this effect in To encourage more students to attend institutions of higher education and to decrease dropout rates, juvenile crime and teen pregnancy, some state legislatures have increased the school attendance requirement to age 17 or 18. (NCSL). Compulsory education supports this because teenagers and children across the country have these troubles and even though it decreases them, at some point it will not always have a good outcome to it. It depends on the schools and teachers. But this law still has an effect, and its effect is mostly keeping teenagers off of the streets from harm and to have them focus in school better. The reason why

Medicare, Medicaid Billing and Equipment Fraud Essay

Medicare, Medicaid Billing and Equipment Fraud - Essay Example However, according to anonymous (3), the Congressional Budget Office estimated total Medicare spending in 2010 to be $528 billion, giving a rough estimate of approximately 9% waste. The Medicare and medic aid are fraud targets as they are founded on the billing system of â€Å"honor†. They were initially set-up as an aid to honest doctors who could help the needy access medical services. Medicare fraud is evident in phantom billing, patient billing, and upcoding unbundling scheme. Durable medical equipment is also pruned to medical fraud. Examples of this equipment include oxygen supplies and wheelchairs. In equipment fraud, scammers charge Medicare for a similar wheelchair for many times without actually giving the chair to actual persons. The most recent cases of Medicare fraud focuses on infusion injections on HIV/AIDS. These injections are very expensive but patients are normally injected with common liquids or saline solutions (Anonymous 5). However, Medicare is billed in such way that shows that the expensive injection was really given. With current trends in such frauds, only law and ethical issues can stop the practice.

Digital investigation in the organisation Essay

Digital investigation in the organisation - Essay Example Different models of operation used depend on the complexity of the situation (Marshall, 2009). Digital investigations arise as a result of an occurrence suspected, attempted or actual in an organization. The occurrences can be triggered by internal and external factors and can cause considerable damage or loss to an organization directly or indirectly. For instance a. Abuse of the organizations resources such as internet b. Fraud and distortion c. Unauthorized access by employees d. Sexual harassment or display of indecent or pornographic material e. Breach of contracts f. Departmental misuse g. Security breach A contingency plan should be devised to mitigate such incidences. A framework formulated will prepare for both low frequency/high impact as well as high frequency/low impact events in the organization. This paper details investigation procedure at Salford university school of computing science and Engineering. Our case study will focus on server intrusion in the university sch ool department. An incident of server intrusion to the university system occurred, and a contingency plan formulated to authenticate the suspicion, respond and analyze the incident. Due to the delicate nature of digital evidence improper handling may lead to damaged or compromised data. The idea of having to start an investigation in this department can lead to a crisis. Proper procedures need to be laid down to manage the crisis. There are general questions, which the CFA will need to address in order to carry out the investigation successfully. a) Who should the initial suspicions or observations be reported? b) Access of quality evidence? c) Identification and acquisition of relevant digital evidence? d) How the university can operate effectively during the period of investigation without creating a crisis which might be worse than the one investigated? e) The legal obligations of the university needed during the investigation and association with external law enforcement agencie s f) The role of management in determining the direction of the investigation and the possible incidence of biasness. A digital investigation divided into different stages according to the model adopted. Researchers at the U. S. Air Force studied various models and came up with common characteristics that characterize these models. They then incorporated them in a single model known as Abstract Process Model. It contains different phases; this model has 17 phases classified into 5 major groups (Gilbert Peterson, 2009). a. Preparation b. Deployment c. Physical crime scene d. Digital crime scene e. Analysis The data flow diagram above show a simplified process of forensic investigation. The first stage involves a number of activities. First, the computer or the system to be investigated should be on. If the student uses password, then the CFA has to look for a way to open it. There is a universal password that opens locked computers without tempering with the files. The second stage i nvolves application of different forensic tools to retrieve data from the computer memory. The tools used should enable the CFA to retrieve deleted data from the recycle bin. During this process, the computer being investigated should be cordoned. The third stage involves application of different physical investigation models to the computer. These include taking the finger prints on the keyboard and mouse. Any other information that may help the CFA is taken. Before the information is analyzed, the forensic expert should check the accuracy, integrity and

Cosmetic surgery cons and pros Essay Example for Free

Cosmetic surgery cons and pros Essay With the development of technology and medical systems, changing one’s appearance is something which is very normal. People chose to go under some kind of cosmetic surgeries have different reasons, but cosmetic surgery do really change some people to a better life. We are surrounded by advertisements, movies, magazines which usually have pictures of stunning models. The media and those kind of ads establish standard of beauty in their audiences’ mind. It is a nightmare for people who are not lucky enough to possess perfect features. It somehow lowers people self-esteem when they look up to those models as a references of beauty standard. However, thanks to the development of technology and plastic surgery, those kind of nightmare can be fixed. With plastic surgery, almost everything on one’s body can be adjusted. When people get closer to their personal standard, they will feel more confident. Plastic surgery helps raising their self-esteem. Some reach out to cosmetic surgery to improve their appearances. People have more choices than ever from a quick fix to major procedures to improve their body images. Aging is usually major problem. Every one of us has to face that when we get to some points. Laser skin treatments, Botox injections, Filler injections†¦are life savers for people who want to reverse the aging process. It is not hard to find people at their 40’s 50’s who look much younger than their ages. Cosmetic surgery can improve almost everything. If you want small face, high nose, big eyes, big boobs, small waist, perfect flawless skin†¦plastic surgeons can give them all to you. Plastic surgery is magic in transforming appearance, however it also has some disadvantages. I was terrified when I watched a Korean beauty contest which was not long ago. The audiences might have a really hard time distinguish between the contestants, because they look almost the same. All of them have perfect features such as big eyes, high and small noses, small face†¦ It should be called â€Å"plastic surgeons contest†, but they are all pretty though. People lose their personal identities when they get dramatic changes on their faces. On a larger scale, people lose their ethnical identities. For example, there is a trend in Asian countries that people want to westernize their look. Double eye-lid surgeries or nose surgeries are most common procedures. Michael Jackson is also a great example for this issue. He tried to transform from a black to a white person, and the result was which we already knew. People may get addicted to plastic surgery too. Hang Mioku from South Korea is a case which people should look at before they consider about plastic surgery. She was a pretty women with natural beauty. Unluckily, she got addicted to cosmetic surgery, even surgeons refused to get jobs done on her. She injected silicon on her face herself, and worse than that, she injected oil in to her body. The result might terrified any person who ever think about get some jobs done on their bodies.

Use of Clothing in Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Use of Clothing in Their Eyes Were Watching God      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel Their Eyes were watching God Zora Neale Hurston portrays a woman named Janie's search for love and freedom. Janie, throughout the novel, bounces through three different marriages, with a brief stint at being a widow in between. Throughout these episodes, Hurston uses Janie`s clothing as a visual bookmark of where Janie is in her search for true love and how she is being influenced by those around her.    Janie's first article of clothing is an apron that she wears while married to Logan Killiks as a hard working sixteen year old. Logan, who Janie describes as looking like "an `ol skullhead in de grave yard," (pg. 13) marries Janie to fulfill the role laid down by Janie's grandmother, a mule. Janie goes along with this for nearly a year, until change comes walking down the road in the form of Joe Starks. Joe is a "citified, stylish man with a hat set at an angle that didn't belong in those parts," and he wants to take Janie away. Joe's dream is to become "big man" and pleads Janie to take part in his dreams of the future. He proposes marriage to her, and arranges a rendezvous at the bottom of the road at sunup the next morning. Janie is torn because Jody "does not represent sun-up pollen and blooming trees, but he spoke of the far horizon....The memory of Nanny was still strong." (pg. 28) When Janie decides to leave the next morning for, if nothing else, a healthy change, she looks down and sees the apron which has stood for all the things she has had to do for Logan," and flung it on a small bush beside the road. Then she walked on, picking flowers and making a bouquet." (pg. 31) When Janie threw the apron on the bush, it represented a major change in Janie's life, and a progression from Logan. Janie is continuing her search for true love, although she knows already that Jody is not the perfect fulfillment of her dream, and how she has been affected by Jody already.    Life with Jody was a disappointment from the beginning of their marriage. As soon as they arrived in the sleepy burg of Eatonville, Jody was trying to gain

Morality and Ethicality of Using Sexual Advertising Essay

The development of technology made the role of advertising very crucial with the use of televisions, radios, magazines, posters and the internet. The main objective of a marketer is to increase the number of customers or the use of his customers for a product or service. In modern marketing sexual appeal has become the number one strategy in advertising. In fact, it was one of the greatest accepted techniques in marketing worldwide because it proved that it reaches customers in a great way. Especially when it comes to certain products such as cigarettes, jewelry, perfumes, cosmetics, candy, liquor and fashion goods. Since those products are mainly image-based and the use of sex appeal, sexy illustrations, and sex in general, in advertising can big effects on several elements of an advertising and buyer behavior model. The effects may be positive but if it weren’t used in the proper way it might carry on many severe negative effects. Marketers are trying to captivate people’s minds and attract them by putting for example sexy models or revealing clothes and moreover, they are positioning their brand as sexual and that the customers will have sex related benefit if they buy their product or service. A big number of people might deny the effect of these sexually oriented advertisements on them claiming that its’ not the reason why they buy a product or service. However, indirectly whether they accept this product or not they are talking about the advertisement or thinking about it in their unconscious which sheds lights on it. Especially the teen segment which are from 13 till 18 year olds they are affected by this method of advertising in a great way. Thus, there are many ethical questions associated with this strategy because its’ becoming obviously clear how sex is being used to target teens. Aims: This research attempts to shed the light on advertising companies and the way they are using sexual methods order to attract teenagers into buying their products. We are going to discuss in detail its effectiveness on teenagers positively and negatively and the ethicality of such approach. questions: 1-what are the sexual methods used by marketers to reach teen customers? 2-what are the negative and positive effects of sex appeal in advertisement? 3- why teens are the target audience for these advertisements? 4- is it against the law and regulation of adv to present a product in a sexual way? When conducting this market study, we will be using two types of research designs, exploratory as well as descriptive in order to answer the research questions and develop the conclusion. At the first place, we begin our study by an exploratory research design; its purpose is to further understand the subject. It involves an interview with marketers or unethical Ads creators, this interview will be presented by informal questionnaires that are a guide to the types of questions to be asked, however, the respondents were given the flexibility to add or explain further issues if needed. As for the descriptive research that will be conducted later on in the research, it involves a bunch of questionnaires with multiple choice answers that improve the quality and accuracy of these questionnaires, which will be tested on a number of teen respondents. And since in this research we are studying teen’s attitudes and perceptions towards unethical advertisements then our studies and collecting data will be based on qualitative research. Human evolutions open the opportunity for advertising to use sex as a way to be more attractive and efficient. Advertising is being smart so that it plays on man’s instinct to seek success and leaves theoretical and practical implications behind it. Let us remember that the major part of men is concerned in women’s beauty throughout her body. Thus, women’s body is considered to be an important tool that advertising uses to let men express interest. In addition, using women’s bodies is shown to be the easiest way to get men’s attention and advertising is trying to get advantages by doing so. Taking the other gender, it not that easy to take the attention of a woman because women regardless its instinct view of the world is an intellectual person as much as sometimes can control its instinct.